The Confederates won with the pen (and
the noose) what they could not win on the battlefield: the cause of
white supremacy and the dominant understanding of what the war was all
about. We are still digging ourselves out from under the misinformation
that they spread, which has manifested in both our history books and our
public monuments.
Take Kentucky. Kentucky’s
legislature voted not to secede, and early in the war, Confederate Gen.
Albert Sidney Johnston ventured through the western part of the state
and found “no enthusiasm as we imagined and hoped but hostility … in
Kentucky.” Eventually, 90,000 Kentuckians would fight for the United
States, while 35,000 fought for the Confederate States. Nevertheless,
according to historian Thomas Clark, the state now has 72 Confederate
monuments and only two Union ones.
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The politics behind the Confederate flag controversy in South Carolina(1:37)
South
Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley (R) announced she supports removing the
Confederate flag from the state capitol grounds. Here's what you need to
know about the history of the flag in the state and what needs to
happen to have it removed.
In
addition to winning the battle for public monuments, neo-Confederates
also managed to rename the war, calling it “the War Between the States.”
Nevermind that while it was going on, no one called it that. Even
“Jeopardy!” accepts it.
Perhaps
most perniciously, neo-Confederates now claim that the South seceded
for states’ rights. When each state left the Union, its leaders made
clear that they were seceding because they were for slavery and against
states’ rights. In its “Declaration Of The Causes Which Impel The State
Of Texas To Secede From The Federal Union,” for example, the secession
convention of Texas listed the states that had offended them: Maine,
Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan and Iowa. These states had
in fact exercised states’ rights by passing laws that interfered with
the federal government’s attempts to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act.
Some also no longer let slaveowners “transit” through their states with
their slaves. “States’ rights” were what Texas was seceding against.
Texas also made clear what it was seceding for: white supremacy.
We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States,
and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the
white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race
had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and
regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only
could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or
tolerable.
Despite such statements, during and
after the Nadir, neo-Confederates put up monuments that flatly lied
about the Confederate cause. For example, South Carolina’s monument at
Gettysburg, dedicated in 1965, claims to explain why the state seceded:
“Abiding faith in the sacredness of states rights provided their creed
here.” This tells us nothing about 1863, when abiding opposition to
states’ rights as claimed by free states provided South Carolinians’
creed. In 1965, however, its leaders did support states’ rights. Indeed,
they were desperately trying to keep the federal government from
enforcing school desegregation and civil rights. The one constant was
that the leaders of South Carolina in 1860 and 1965 were acting on
behalf of white supremacy.
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Teaching
or implying that the Confederate states seceded for states’ rights is
not accurate history. It is white, Confederate-apologist history. It
bends — even breaks — the facts of what happened. Like other U.S.
history textbooks, “Journey” needs to be de-Confederatized. So does the
history test we give to immigrants who want to become U.S. citizens.
Item 74 asks, “Name one problem that led to the Civil War.” It then
gives three acceptable answers: “slavery, economic reasons, and states’
rights.” If by “economic reasons” it means issues about tariffs and
taxes, which most people infer, then two of its three “correct answers”
are wrong! No other question on this 100-item test has more than one
“right” answer. The reason is not because the history is unclear, but
because neo-Confederates still wielded considerable influence in our
culture and our Congress until quite recently, when a mass of
politicians rushed to declare the Confederate flag unsuitable for
display on government grounds.
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With our
monuments lying about secession, our textbooks obfuscating what the
Confederacy was about, and our army honoring its generals, no wonder so
many Americans supported the Confederacy until last week. We can
literally see the impact Confederate symbols and thinking had on Dylann
Roof, but other examples abound. In his mugshot, Timothy McVeigh, who
bombed the Murrah Building in Oklahoma City in 1995, wore a
neo-Confederate T-shirt showing Abraham Lincoln and the words, “Sic
semper tyrannis!” When white students in Appleton, Wis., a recovering
sundown town that for decades had been “all white” on purpose, had
issues with Mexican American students in 1999, they responded by wearing
and waving Confederate flags, which they already had at home, at the
ready. Across the country, removing slavery from its central role in
prompting the Civil War marginalizes African Americans and makes us all
stupid.
De-Confederatizing the United States won’t end white supremacy, but it will be a momentous step in that direction.