In
the letter, Vanita Gupta, principal deputy assistant attorney general
in the DOJ’s Civil Rights division, and Lisa Foster, director of the
office for access to justice,
warn against seven practices that turn courthouses into a source of revenue, rather than justice.
The
letter reiterates that courts shouldn’t jail people who don’t pay fines
and fees levied by the court without first determining whether they are
able to pay. It says that courts should also consider options for those
who can’t afford to pay the fines and fees that don’t include jail
time. The letter mentions money bail schemes that result in poor people
being jailed “solely because they cannot afford to pay for their
release,” and condemns the use of arrest warrants or drivers license
suspensions as a way to coerce people into paying. Those tactics make it
more likely that the poor will be arrested, fined, and jailed simply
because they couldn’t afford what they were charged with in the first
place — while also making it likely they will miss work and fall further
behind on payments.
In some places, the
letter notes, defendants can’t even start a judicial hearing until their
debts are cleared, an “unconstitutional practice” that is “often framed
as a routine administrative matter.” The letter also warns against the
practice of
using private companies
to enforce debt collection or probation, allowing them to profit from
discretionary fines tacked on top of what defendants owe courts.
“Individuals
may confront escalating debt; face repeated, unnecessary incarceration
for nonpayment despite posing no danger to the community; lose their
jobs; and become trapped in cycles of poverty that can be nearly
impossible to escape,” the letter says. “Furthermore, in addition to
being unlawful, to the extent that these practices are geared not toward
addressing public safety, but rather toward raising revenue, they can
cast doubt on the impartiality of the tribunal and erode trust between
local governments and their constituents.”
SNIP
While
debtors prisons were abolished in the 1800s and Supreme Court cases
found that jailing people because they can’t pay debts without assessing
their ability to pay violates the constitution, these practices have
seen a resurgence across the country.
Courts, particularly those in municipalities that are strapped for
resources, levy fines and fees against defendants, and when they can’t
pay often put them in jail until they can come up with the sum. Other
municipalities
turn the debtors over to private probation companies
that can tack on fines and fees to what the defendants already owe at
their discretion and have been accused of using intimidation tactics
like threatening jail time to get clients to pay up. Yet those who have
the resources to pay court fees on the spot can avoid jail time and
probation.
SNIP
The
department has also had its eye on problems with the money bail system.
“When bail is set unreasonably high, people are behind bars only
because they are poor,” Attorney General Loretta Lynch said at the White
House in December. “Not because they’re a danger or a flight risk —
only because they are poor. They don’t have money to get out of jail,
and they certainly don’t have money to flee anywhere. Other people who
do have the means can avoid the system setting inequality in place from
the beginning.”